On 23 June 1946, The New York Times published an interview with Albert Einstein headlined, «The Real Problem Is in the Hearts of Men». Russian readers were first able to read it in the Russian translation only half a century later, in 1994. Long before the Russian publication of the interview, however, in September 1947 it became the subject of a special study by the USSR's First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, A. Ya. Vyshinsky, and other officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archival materials uncovered by the author include the translation of Einstein's interview with notations by Vyshinsky. The interview, along with other materials, attracted attention because of Einstein's 1947 letter appealing to Soviet scientists for assistance. The main theme of Einstein's letter concerned the atomic bomb's threat to humanity and how to save the world from imminent catastrophe. The Soviet leadership determined its position only in November 1947, with a decision not to respond to Einstein; everything connected to the matter of «the letter» was sent to the archive.